A deformity is simply a variation in the shape of a structure when compared to the typical shape of that structure. A spinal deformity is produced by any combination of curvature and twisting of the spine. To understand more about the correction of spinal deformities, it helps to first understand a bit about typical spinal anatomy. Recall that the typical spinal column has gentle curves when viewed from the side, and is straight when viewed head-on. Deformity in the spinal column causes bending or rotation in one or both directions. The deformity can occur in adults as well as in children. The natural curve of kyphosis in a typical upper spine, for example, may measure between 20 and 40 degrees. A greater degree of curvature can cause sagittal imbalance. Conditions that produce sagittal imbalance include hyperkyphosis (a great amount of kyphosis), chin-on-chest syndrome, flatback syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis. Severe sagittal imbalance can produce problems like stooping, fatigue, pain, and difficulty looking ahead and meeting the gaze of others. It can also compress the heart, lungs or other organs. A side-to-side curvature of 10 degrees or more is called scoliosis. Causes include adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, degenerative scoliosis, neuromuscular imbalances, congenital deformity, and spine tumors. A curve in one direction only is called a “C” shaped curve. A curve in both directions is known as an “S” shaped curve. Some forms of scoliosis are not painful, while others are. Severe scoliosis can even interfere with the heart and lungs.
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